Carl Shapiro is a Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School at the University of California at Berkeley. Shapiro had the honor of serving as a Member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers during 2011-12. He was the Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Economics at the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice during 2009-2011, a position he also held during 1995-96. Shapiro also has testified as an expert witness on behalf of the government in a number of high-profile antitrust cases. Shapiro has published extensively in the areas of industrial organization, competition policy, patents, the economics of innovation, and competitive strategy. His publications and curriculum vitae can be found at https://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/.